23V50.941
Vanadium
Transition metals · solid at STP · Block D
About
Vanadium is a hard, silvery-gray transition metal that significantly improves the toughness and shock resistance of steel. Its primary use is as an additive to steel, creating high-strength, wear-resistant steel alloys used in tools, axles, and structural components. Vanadium compounds can exhibit a wide range of beautiful colors in solution and are being explored for use in redox flow batteries.
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number23
Atomic Weight50.942 u
Neutrons (common)28
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d³ 4s²
Full Configuration1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d³ 4s²
Electrons per Shell2, 8, 11, 2
Electronegativity1.63
Electron Affinity50.911 kJ/mol
Oxidation States+5, +4, +3, +2
Covalent Radius125 pm
Ionic Radius54 pm
Periodic Table Position
Group5
Period4
BlockD
Chemical SeriesTransition metals
Physical Properties
State at STPsolid
Appearanceblue-silvery-grey metal
Crystal Structurebcc
Magnetic Orderingparamagnetic
Speed of Sound4,560 m/s
Poisson Ratio0.37
Thermal Properties
Melting Point2,183 K
Boiling Point3,680 K
Thermal Expansion8.4 1/K
Thermal Conductivity30.7 W/(m·K)
Specific Heat0.489 J/(g·K)
Molar Heat24.89 J/(mol·K)
Heat of Fusion21.5 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization453 kJ/mol
Abundance
In Earth's Crust120 ppm
In Ocean0.003 ppm
In Solar System0.2 ppm
In Human Body0 ppm
In Universe1 ppm
Discovery
Discovered byAndrés Manuel del Río
Discovery Year1,801
Occurrenceprimordial
CAS Number7440-62-2
Electron Configuration
Energy
↿⇂
↿⇂
↿⇂
↿⇂
↿⇂
↿⇂
↿⇂
↿⇂
↿⇂
↿⇂
↿
↿
↿
4p
5s
4d
5p
6s
4f
5d
6p
7s
5f
6d
7p
Isotopes of Vanadium
| Symbol ▲ | Mass (u) ▲ | Abundance ▲ | Half-life ▲ | Decay Mode ▲ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 48V | 47.952254 | — | 15.9735 d | Positron Emission, Electron Capture |
| 49V | 48.948514 | — | 330 d | Electron Capture |
| 50V | 49.947160 | 0.25% | 271 Py | Electron Capture, Beta Minus Decay |
| 51V | 50.943960 | 99.75% | Stable | Stable |
Interactive Visualization
Explore the 3D Bohr model of Vanadium in our interactive viewer.
View 3D Model of Vanadium