About

Manganese is a hard, brittle, silvery metal that resembles iron. It is too brittle to be used on its own but is an essential and irreplaceable agent in the production of iron and steel, where it acts as a deoxidizer and improves strength, hardness, and durability. It is also an essential trace nutrient required for the function of many enzymes in all known living organisms.

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number25

Atomic Weight54.938 u

Neutrons (common)30

Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²

Full Configuration1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s²

Electrons per Shell2, 8, 13, 2

Electronegativity1.55

Electron Affinity-50 kJ/mol

Oxidation States+7, +6, +4, +3, +2

Covalent Radius139 pm

Ionic Radius64.5 pm

Periodic Table Position

Group7

Period4

BlockD

Chemical SeriesTransition metals

Physical Properties

State at STPsolid

Appearancesilvery metallic

Crystal Structurebcc

Magnetic Orderingparamagnetic

Speed of Sound5,150 m/s

Poisson Ratio0.24

Thermal Properties

Melting Point1,519 K

Boiling Point2,334 K

Thermal Expansion21.7 1/K

Thermal Conductivity7.81 W/(m·K)

Specific Heat0.479 J/(g·K)

Molar Heat26.32 J/(mol·K)

Heat of Fusion12.91 kJ/mol

Heat of Vaporization221 kJ/mol

Abundance

In Earth's Crust950 ppm

In Ocean0 ppm

In Solar System8 ppm

In Human Body0.17 ppm

In Universe8 ppm

Discovery

Discovered byJohan Gottlieb Gahn

Discovery Year1,774

Occurrenceprimordial

CAS Number7439-96-5

Electron Configuration

Energy

↿⇂

↿

Isotopes of Manganese

Symbol ▲	Mass (u) ▲	Abundance ▲	Half-life ▲	Decay Mode ▲
⁵³Mn	52.941290	—	3.7 My	Electron Capture
⁵⁴Mn	53.940358	—	312.081 d	Electron Capture, Beta Minus Decay
⁵⁵Mn	54.938040	100%	Stable	Stable

Interactive Visualization

Explore the 3D Bohr model of Manganese in our interactive viewer.

View 3D Model of Manganese